A Book Review on The Catcher in the Rye Essay - 787 Words

A Book Review on The Catcher in the Rye This book is about a few days in the life of Holden Caulfield, At the beginning of the book Holden is expelled from his private school, Pency. This is just one of many schools he has been expelled from. Holden decides that, as the school term is about to break up, he would go to New York City for a few days until he is expected home. So off he sets one night wearing his hunting hat that Holden loves because it represents independence from others. He jumps on a train and goes to the big city. Holden Caulfield is the main character in this novel; he is a typical adolescent boy. Holden is much more than a troubled teen going through a phase. Holden†¦show more content†¦This is also shown when Stradlater says For chrissake, Holden. This is about a goddam baseball glove. Here, Stradlater rejects the paper Holden has wrote for him, he is also unknowingly rejecting Allie (Holdens dead brother) this hurts Holden deeply, contributing to his self-frustration. This is shown in chapter 4 when Holden says Ask her if she still keeps her kings in the back row, this quote demonstrated Holdens childlike nature, though he is 16 years old and in high school he is still captivated by his early memories. Even Ernie, the piano player, is phony because hes too skilful. Holden automatically associates skill with arrogance (from past experiences no doubt) and thus cant separate the two. Even Holdens most trusted teacher, Mr. Antolini, proves to be a phony when he attempts to fondle H olden. Thus the poor boy is left with a cluster of memories, some good but most bad. Yet because of these memories, Holden has developed the unique ability to speak frankly (though not well spoken) about the people he meets. Though he seems very skeptical about the world, he is really just bewildered. His vocabulary often makes him seem hard, but in fact he is a very weak-willed individual. Holden has no concept of pain, and often likes to see himself as a martyrShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Censoring in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1145 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican author well known for his best seller The Catcher in the Rye, a considerably influential novel that portrayed the feelings of alienation that were experienced by adolescents in North America after World War II (J.D. Salinger Biography). Salinger’s work appeared in many magazines, including a series of short stories which inspired many new authors (J.D. Salinger Biography). His inspiration for Pencey Prep boarding school in The Catcher in the Rye stemmed from his own difficult ed ucation at aRead MoreJ.D. Salinger is Holden Caulfield1666 Words   |  7 Pageswriting abilities. â€Å"Despite his slim body of work and reclusive lifestyle, ‘Salinger’ was one of the more influential twentieth century American writers.† states Biography.com, â€Å"His landmark novel, Catcher in the Rye, set a new course for literature in post World War II America.† The Catcher in the Rye told a story of Holden Caulfield and his struggle to find something pure in a world filled with â€Å"phonies† (Biography). It is arguable that some of Holden’s experiences could be comparitively autobiographicalRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Abstract Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesCaleigh Beverly Mrs. Lehman AP English, 1A 1 October 2012 Novel Abstract: Catcher in the Rye Novel Title and Author: Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Author’s Background: J.D. Salinger was born on January 1, 1919, in New York City, New York. Jerome David Salinger was born to Sol Salinger and his wife Miriam (J.D. Salinger). Though he was a bright young man, when he attended McBurney School, he ended up flunking out and was soon after sent to Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, PennsylvaniaRead More Comparing Maturation in Catcher in the Rye and Red Badge of Courage1421 Words   |  6 PagesMaturation in Catcher in the Rye and Red Badge of Courage    The Catcher in the Rye and The Red Badge of Courage detail the gradual maturation of two immature boys into self-reliant young men. The steady speed at which Salingerà ­s and Craneà ­s language streams enables the reader to see the independent events that lead up to the ultimate rite of passage for both Henry and Holden. Although the pinnacle of maturity Holden reached concerned his pessimistic view of the world and Henryà ­s was a unifyingRead MoreSummary Of Salinger s The Catcher Rye And Franny And Zooey 1966 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican writer’s haven’t only impacted this country, but the world as a whole. Specifically, J.D. Salinger. He is a well-known author who has wrote many influential books such as The Catcher in the Rye and Franny and Zooey. Salinger’s childhood, education, significant people, major influences,and historical events have all had an impact on how he became the face of a literary movement as well as his contributions to the art of American Literature. Jerome David Salinger was born on January 1, 1919Read More Catcher in the Rye Essay: The Importance of Language1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Language in The Catcher in the Rye   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye has captured the spirit of adolescence, dramatizing Holden Caulfields vulgar language and melodramatic reactions. Written as the autobiographical account of a fictional teenage prep school student named Holden Caulfield, The Catcher in the Rye deals with material that is socially scandalous for the time (Gwynn, 1958). As an emotional, intelligent, and sensitive young man, Holden puts his innerRead MoreAmerican Literature And Ways They Cultivate Their Own Methods Of Survival Within Their Societies1484 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood and adulthood, the lonely adolescent navigates through a loss of innocence and disenchantment to come to terms with his own male identity, as well as establish his role in society and find purpose as an adult. J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye follows anti-hero Holden Caulfield through a seemingly innocuous trip in New York City. Throughout his journey, Holden tries desperately to interact with others but often finds himself alienated; in this way, Salinger portrays him more as anRead MoreThe Study Of Culture By Arnold, M., Raymond William And Attach Them With The Book1665 Words   |  7 Pagesand new outer limits. Therefore values and awareness of many things have changed or treated in a different form. In this critical review I want to describe the definition of â€Å"Culture†, using famous theories by Arnold,M., Raymond William and attach them with the book â€Å"Catcher in The Rye† by J.D Sellinger and explain my view of ‘’Culture’’. The plot of this book is based on a story of seventeen-year-old American schoolboy, who is expelled from the school just before the Christmas because of theRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D.Salinger983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, is a classic novel that recognize as a perfect tale of teenage rebellion. Salinger highlights the impacts of depression in this novel. After the World War II, The Catcher in the Rye became so popular because it was the first book that revealed the true feelings of teenager. Holden Caulfield, the main character in the novel, symbolizes a teenager revolting against a society and struggles to transit into an adult world. Moreover, his personality reveals uncertaintyRead MoreThe Contemporary Age Of A Novel Written By J. D. Salinger1177 Words   |  5 PagesEventually, he returned to New York to continue his literary career. The Catcher in the Rye was published in 1951. The publishing of this book made him famous. In his adolescence, Salinger always wanted to be famous, but two years after he published his book, he fled from the publicity and New York City to go live a secluded life in Cornish, New Hampshire. In Cornish, Salinger cut off the public and no longer published any books, but he continued to write. While he was living his new lifestyle, he met

American Civil War The Battle of Philippi 1861

The Battle of Philippi was fought June 3, 1861, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). With the attack on Fort Sumter and beginning of the Civil War in April 1861, George McClellan returned to the US Army after four years of working in the railroad industry. Commissioned as a major general on April 23, he received command of the Department of Ohio in early May. Headquartered at Cincinnati, he began campaigning into western Virginia (present-day West Virginia) with the goal of protecting the vital Baltimore Ohio Railroad and possibly opening an avenue of advance on the Confederate capital of Richmond. Union Commander Brigadier General Thomas A. Morris3,000 men Confederate Commander Colonel George Porterfield800 men Into Western Virginia Reacting to the loss of the railroad bridge at Farmington, VA, McClellan dispatched Colonel Benjamin F. Kelleys 1st (Union) Virginia Infantry along with a company of the 2nd (Union) Virginia Infantry from their base at Wheeling. Moving south, Kelleys command united with Colonel James Irvines 16th Ohio Infantry and advanced to secure the key bridge over the Monongahela River at Fairmont. Having accomplished this goal, Kelley pressed south to Grafton. As Kelley moved through central western Virginia, McClellan ordered the second column, under Colonel James B. Steedman, to take Parkersburg before moving on to Grafton. Opposing Kelley and Steedman was Colonel George A. Porterfields force of 800 Confederates. Assembling at Grafton, Porterfields men were raw recruits that had recently rallied to the flag. Lacking the strength to confront the Union advance, Porterfield ordered his men to retreat south to the town of Philippi. Approximately seventeen miles from Grafton, the town possessed a key bridge over the Tygart Valley River and sat on the Beverly-Fairmont Turnpike. With the Confederate withdrawal, Kelleys men entered Grafton on May 30. The Union Plan Having committed significant forces to the region, McClellan placed Brigadier General Thomas Morris in overall command. Arriving at Grafton on June 1, Morris consulted with Kelley. Aware of the Confederate presence at Philippi, Kelley proposed a pincer movement to crush Porterfields command. One wing, led by Colonel Ebenezer Dumont and assisted by McClellan aide Colonel Frederick W. Lander, was to move south via Webster and approach Philippi from the north. Numbering around 1,400 men, Dumonts force consisted of the 6th and 7th Indiana Infantries as well as the 14th Ohio Infantry. This movement would be complemented by Kelley who planned to take his regiment along with the 9th Indiana and the 16th Ohio Infantries east and then south to strike Philippi from the rear. To mask the movement, his men embarked on the Baltimore Ohio as if moving to Harpers Ferry. Departing on June 2, Kelleys force left their trains at the village of Thornton and began marching south. Despite poor weather during the night, both columns arrived outside the town before dawn on June 3. Moving into position to attack, Kelley and Dumont had agreed that a pistol shot would be the signal to begin the advance. The Philippi Races Due to the rain and a lack of training, the Confederates had not set pickets during the night. As the Union troops moved towards the town, a Confederate sympathizer, Matilda Humphries, spotted their approach. Dispatching one of her sons to warn Porterfield, he was quickly captured. In response, she fired her pistol at the Union troops. This shot was misinterpreted as the signal to begin the battle. Opening fire, Union artillery began striking the Confederate positions as the infantry attacked. Caught by surprise, the Confederate troops offered little resistance and began fleeing south. With Dumonts men crossing into Philippi via the bridge, Union forces quickly won a victory. Despite this, it was not complete as Kelleys column had entered Philippi by the wrong road and was not in the position to cut off Porterfields retreat. As a result, Union troops were forced to pursue the enemy. In brief fight, Kelley was severely wounded, though his attacker was ridden down by Lander. McClellans aide earned fame earlier in the battle when he rode his horse down a steep slope to enter the fighting. Continuing their retreat, Confederate forces did not halt until reaching Huttonsville 45 miles to the south. Aftermath of the Battle Dubbed the Philippi Races due to the speed of the Confederate retreat, the battle saw Union forces sustain a mere four casualties. Confederate losses numbered 26. In the wake of the battle, Porterfield was replaced by Brigadier General Robert Garnett. Though a minor engagement, the Battle of Philippi had far-reaching consequences. One of the first clashes of the war, it thrust McClellan into the national spotlight and his successes in western Virginia paved the way for him to take command of Union forces after the defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run in July. The Union victory also inspired western Virginia, which had opposed leaving the Union, to nullify Virginias ordinance of secession at the Second Wheeling Convention. Naming Francis H. Pierpont governor, the western counties began moving down the path that would lead to the creation of the state of West Virginia in 1863. Sources West Virginia History: Battle of PhilippiCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of PhilippiHistory of War: Battle of Philippi

America Still Divided Racism And Discrimination

Brooke Parker Soc206 April 30, 2015 Final/Research Paper America Still Divided Racism and discrimination inequalities have become a major discussion throughout the years in our society. Inequalities has impacted every level of humanity on this earth. Education, tolerance and acceptance can be used to challenge one another in attempt to change the negative traditions that continue to exist in our culture. Racism and discrimination inequalities continues to be passed from generation to generation. When I read this quote, I had to laugh out loud, â€Å"America having elected an African American president twice is proof that racism is over in this country† (McWhorter). We can also assume it is our â€Å"All American† requirement to continue to place racism and discrimination at the top of all news stories and struggle to find answers for the poor minorities when in fact this is our country’s habit. These are the ideas of some American who don’t see the racism of western society and its discriminatory practices are allowed by stereotypes, prejudices and ideologies. These practices are not only reproduced in Caucasians but in all races verbally and non-verbally. In addition, as this country continues to grow and strive and traditions are passed from one generation to another, the racial inequalities will continue to pass as well unless we can make the necessary changes. My data collection consisted of three males, two females and ages from 19-60. The race categoriesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Life in the 1920s1077 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, not everyone was able to enjoy the advancement that the boom had assured. Although there were many wealthy people, there were still many people who could not afford to live luxurious lives. Many immigrants were not welcome into to United Stats. Prejudice and racism were spread throughout the country. 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However, despite the prodigious movements that have been at work for quite some time, each of these issues and many more sti ll stand and exist today. I agree with Joseph Campbell’s â€Å"The Power of Myth.† Campbell’s stance applies to the issues of present day political ethics concerning human rights, more specifically, racism, sexism, and homophobiaRead MoreNotes On The s A Jelly Bean 1681 Words   |  7 PagesRed†¦ you must be a cherry. While many choose to label this phenomenon as the fading issue of racism, the simple fact is that our obsessive desire to ‘sort’ has instead resulted in a plethora of other social divisions. Apart from race-based discrimination, we have also fabricated the modern horrors of religious profiling and the fear of the disabled, or ableism. As a result, Americans find themselves divided along these lines and it is only a matter of time before we as a society crack. 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The film Who Framed RogerRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racial Discrimination1425 Words   |  6 PagesRacism consists of ideologies and practices that seek to justify, or cause, the unequal distribution of privileges, rights or goods among different racial groups. Modern variants are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These can take the form of social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems that consider different races to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualitiesRead MoreThe Blindside1532 Words   |  7 PagesBlacks vs. Whites: Michael Lewis’s accurate portrayal of racism in America through his Biography The Blindside. 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Accounting Disclosure And Other Requirements †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Disscuss about the Accounting Disclosure And Other Requirements. Answer: Introduction Accountingis the integral part of the finance function. Theaccounting helps in recording the transactions that are entered into by the company during the period and presents the results of theaccounting in the form of the financial statements of the company consisting of the statement of profit and loss and the statement of the balance sheet. The former is known as the process of financial accounting and the latter is known as the process of financial reporting. This financial reporting will help the users of the financial statements to make an effective decision and an informed decision. In the report, thefinancial accounting has been given the main importance. The company that has been selected for the purpose of the report is the Boral Limited. The report has been at first started with the identification of the major accounting policies that are duly mentioned in the annual report and laying down in the report. In the second section, the instances have been given as to how the man agers are in the way of exercising the flexibility in making choices of accounting practices and concepts and how are they getting motivated for selection. In the third section, the strategies of the company have been evaluated majorly in relation to the flexibility enjoyed by the managers in selection of the different accounting policies and the accounting procedures. After that in the next section, the degree of the quality of the financial information and other information has been disclosed. After assessing the quality of disclosure made by the company, the areas have been identified and detailed where there is the high potentiality of having the frauds, mistakes and the related flaws and discrepancies. In the last, the importance of the framework of accounting which is known as the conceptual framework has been given and ascertained whether the company has complied with the same. The report has then ended up with the defined and appropriate result. Important Accounting Policies The accounting policies are very important for the success of any company. It is because if the there were no accounting policies present then the accounting for every transaction will be in haphazard manner and will be done at the will of the managers rather than in the form of compliance with the laws of the governing country . In order to discuss the key accounting policies of the company, it is required to investigate into the understanding of the business of the company as well as the understanding of the areas in which the company is dealing and period of working. The company Boral Limited has been incorporated in the year of nineteen hundred and forty six in the country of Australia only. It was then named as Bitumen and Oil Refineries (Australia) Limited. In the year of two thousand and sixteen, the company has covered successful completion of the seventy years of its incorporation. The company has been established by David Craig. The company is engaged in the business of refining the oil, supply of the gas across the counties of operation and the manufacturing and the trading of the material used in the production and the manufacturing work. Currently the company is now operating in the sixteen countries in Australia, Middle East, The United States of America and Asia (Company Official Website, 2017). The financial year of the company has been ended up on the thirty of June two thousand and seventeen only. For the purpose of identifying the key accounting policies the annual report of the company has been considered for the two years including the year immediately preceeding to the year of two thousand and seventeen. On verification of the annual report of the company, the following are the key policies of the company including the notes: In the section 1 of the notes to the financial statements, the accounting policies have been started with the statement of compliance. This statement consists of the declaration that the financial statements of the company has been prepared in the consolidated format and has complied with the provisions of the relevant accounting standards of the Australia which in turn was issued by the Australian accounting standard board. It also states that the company has complied with requirements of the Corporations Ac, 2001 and the financial statements so prepared complies with the globally accepted International Financial Reporting Standards which was adopted by the standard setter body of the International accounting standards. It has further mentioned that the company, while preparing the financial statements of the company, through its management makes the accounting estimates, accounting judgments and the material assumptions about the future events. It has further mentioned that areas where the estimates and the judgments have been made. These are revenue, accounts receivables, property plant and equipment, valuation of the intangible assets, Income tax and deferred tax expense, Impairment, business combinations and lastly share based payments. These estimates and the judgments so made help the company to adopt the best practices in accounting and will made efforts to avoid any type of flaw and inconsistency. In note number 2.2 of the financial statements of the company, under the heading profit for the period, it has been stated the accounting policy in relation to the revenue earned by the company. It states that the company is recognizing the revenue from the sale of goods only when the risks and rewards pertaining to the goods are transferred to the buyer of the goods. It requires that the recovery of the consideration involved in the transaction of business shall be probable and the related costs associated with the goods shall be measured in the reliable terms. The same note number 2.2 also prescribes that revenue from the business of the contracting shall be recorded and recognized on the basis of the completion of the different levels or stages as finalized at the time of entering into the contract. The loss thereon if any come to know is directly charged to statement of profit and loss and is treated as an expense. Further the same note number describes that the revenue from supply of services shall be recognized when the services are delivered to the customer in the manner specified and when there are no requirements pending in fulfillment of the conditions of the provision of the services (Anastasia, 2015). As per note number 3.3 of the annual report of the company, it has been mentioned that the property plant and equipment shall be valued at the cost of acquisition less the amount of the depreciation so accumulated till date and the amount of the impairment if any. Depreciation as mentioned under the note of the Property plant and equipment is calculated on the straight line method and is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. At the end of every financial year, the useful life of the assets is reviewed and the changes are made accordingly if required. The effect of changes are then recorded in that financial year only and the effect will be made in the current year and the future years only and not in the earlier years. It means the change in the useful life of an asset will affect the depreciation part on prospective basis rather than the retrospective basis. The note number 3.4 of the financial statements of the company deals with the Intangible assets. Intangible assets include the goodwill and the other intangible assets. Goodwill is acquired during the business combination and is the excess of the purchase consideration paid over the fair value of the assets of the target company. The business combinations have been accounted for by using the equity method. Goodwill is recognized at cost less the amount if the impairment loss if any occurred at the end of the year. Other Intangible assets including the brands, trademarks and others are valued at the cost less the impairment loss and less the amount of accumulated amortization and the amortization are calculated on straight line basis in consonance with the estimated useful life of the asset. The above are the key accounting policy that has been identified from the annual report of the company. There is other accounting policy also like inventories, accounts receivable, etc. Financial Information Flexibility The financial information is provided through the annual report of the company. These are sometimes to some extent enjoys the flexibility in terms of the distortion or manipulating the actual results of the company. These are generally in the hands of the managers of the company involved in the executing and the planning function of the company. Following instances has been observed where is clear that flexibility has been enjoyed by the managers: Useful lives- In the note number 3.3 of the annual report of the company, the managers of the company determines the useful life of an asset depending upon the historical experience that the company has faced and the management uses their judgments for assessing the condition of the assets on an annual basis and determines the useful life of an asset accordingly (Bryer, 2013). It is because of this fact, the company has not specified the fixed percentage of depreciation or the amortization rates and rather they have mentioned the depreciation rates as per the slab like the depreciation rate of the building has been specified between the gap of 1% to 10% and mineral reserves and licenses are depreciated between the gap of 1% to 5%. These are so tailored so as to increase the net worth of the company and it moreover will benefit to the shareholders of the company and also the stakeholders. The shareholders and the stakeholders are interested in the knowing the return on assets immediat ely after having the earnings per share. More the return more the investor will move forward to invest in the company (Cooper, 2015). Shareholders Interest - In the remuneration report of the company, it is mentioned that the remuneration of the key managerial personnel of the company will to some extent depends on the feedback of the shareholders of the company. If the feedback of the shareholders will be good regarding the performance of the company then the variable portion of the remuneration will be increased (Weygandt, 2012). There are much more incentives like increase in the sales revenue of the company, increase in the debtors and such other figures ensures that the managers have enjoyed the flexibility in accounting. Strategy In Accounting Every company has their own strategy in operating the business. Some develops their own strategy and some develops on the basis of the conditions in the market. In this case the company has developed its own strategy and that too in accordance with the market conditions. The two strategies have been adopted by the company which has led the managers to enjoy the flexibility in the financial accounting as well as in the financial reporting. In the first case, the company has adopted the strategy to ensure that the interest of the shareholders of the company are considered at the highest peak and due to this the useful lives of an asset and the depreciation rates have been mentioned in the longer gap depending upon the checking on an yearly basis as to the condition of the asset. Secondly the company has adopted the strategy of including the shareholders feedback as the part of determining the increment level in the remuneration of the company (Ingram, 2008). The company has included th e same keeping in consideration the collapses that have taken place across the globe on the continuous basis. It is because all the companies including the Lehman Brothers, HIH Insurance and others have been collapsed as the company was not looking after the fall down of the value of the shareholders of the company in the eyes of the operations of the company (Kothari and Ball, 2014).. In this way by increasing the shareholders wealth and confidence, the managers pay will increase and which in turn will increase make the managers to provide the financial information in the distorted manner so as to serve the purpose. Disclosure Quality In the beginning of the notes to the financial statements of the company, it has been stated that the company has complied with all the requirements of the Corporations act 2001 and the provisions of the accounting standards of the company. As per the listing rules of the recognized stock exchange of Australia, Company is required to follow the full and continuous disclosure scheme and accordingly the company has disclosed all the relevant facts and figures in the annual report of the company and as per the details on the website of the company, the company has been disclosing the facts and figures on the timely basis. For instance as per the Australian accounting standard number 116 on the tangible assets, the company is required to provide the full disclosure relating to the carrying amount of the asset, the amount of depreciation charged, impairment loss if any and the net carrying amount. Along with above figures the company is required to provide the accounting policy adopted by the company in connection with the valuation and measurement of the tangible assets and it has been observed by looking after the note number 3 of the annual report that the company has disclosed the required information effectively and efficiently (Sinha, 2012). Further as per the accounting standard on the segment reporting, the company is required to identify the reportable segment and is required to disclose the segment revenue and expenses and the loss thereon shall be mentioned. The company has done the reporting in the same manner (Company Official Website, 2017). Thus, the company has the high quality of the disclosure. Potential Flaws In Accounting Although identifying the flaws or the discrepancies in accounting from the annual report of the company without having the scrutiny of the ledgers and the books of accounts of the company is little bit difficult but as per the deep analysis of the annual report of the company, following potential flaws have been identified which required the urgent attention of the management of the company: The account receivable of the company has been considerably increased by 200 million dollar approximately where as the revenue of the company has been increased by 290 million dollar approximately. It indicates that there might be the situation where the revenue figure has been increased on bogus basis and also the debtors (Weiss, 2014). It might be done because of the two major reasons. One reasons is of the covenant imposed by the banks or the financial institutions of the company to have the high amount of the accounts and receivable and the second reason is of the having the higher remuneration from the company by the managers of the company. Second reason is that the financial income has been considerably increased from 7.6 million dollars in the year 2016 to 24.4 million dollars in the year of 2017 (Phillips and Heiser., 2011).. The increase exhibits that there might be the possibility of having the losses which has been converted into profits. Conceptual Framework Every operation has the structure in which the way of performing that function is described. The function may be small or big but the way of doing that function will remain the same. Similarly, in case of accounting the structure has been named as the conceptual framework of accounting. As per the conceptual framework of accounting, the information so provided shall be error free, neutral and shall b relevant for the users of the financial statements. In order to further enhance the information usefulness, the information shall be understandable and comparable. In the given case, the company has complied with all the accounting standards and the accounting concepts in the complete manner and have also complied with the requirements of the corporations act 2001 and have also considered the interest of the shareholders of the company and thus it depicts that the company has complied with the conceptual framework of accounting in the true spirit (Capital Markets Advisory Committee Meeting, 2013). Conclusion The success of any company whether it is big or small depends upon the efficiency of the finance function of the company. All the functions stops at the finance function and in case the latter functions ineffectively then the working of the company will come to the closure. Managers in planning and executing the function play the very important role. Managers generally have the flexibility in selection of the accounting procedures and the accounting concepts and sometimes they take the way which will benefit the managers in some manner. The report has laid down all the policies and the disclosure framework adopted by the company Boral Limited and has provided as to where be the discrepancies in the financial statements of the company which will be the potential risk matters. The report has laid down the importance of the conceptual framework of accounting. The report has answered all the questions of the investigation and has been able to achieve all the objectives of the study and thus it is concluded that the study has been able to describe that the company has been following the sound accounting policies and practices. References Anastasia, (2015), Financial Statement Analysis : An Introduction available on https://www.cleverism.com/financial-statement-analysis-introduction/ accessed on 28-09-2017 Bryer, R.A., 2013. Double-entry bookkeeping and the birth of capitalism: accounting for the commercial revolution in medieval northern Italy.Critical perspectives on Accounting,4(2), pp.113-140. Capital Markets Advisory Committee Meeting, (2013), Conceptual Framework available on https://www.ifrs.org/Meetings/MeetingDocs/Other%20Meeting/2013/March/AP%203%20conceptual%20framework.pdf accessed on 28-09-2017 Company Official Website, (2017), Annual Reports available at https://www.boral.com.au/accessed on 28-09-2017 Cooper S, (2015), A Tale of Prudence, available on https://www.ifrs.org/Investor-resources/Investor-perspectives-2/Documents/Prudence_Investor-Perspective_Conceptual-FW.PDF accessed on 28-09-2017 Ingram, R.W., 2008. A note on teaching debits and credits in elementary accounting.Issues in Accounting Education,13(2), p.411. International Accounting Standards Board, (2010), Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2010 , pages 16-21 Kothari, S.P. and Ball, R., 2014.Financial statement analysis. Mcgrew-Hill Companies. Phillips, F. and Heiser, L., 2011. A field experiment examining the effects of accounting equation emphasis and transaction scope on students learning to journalize.Issues in Accounting Education,26(4), pp.681-699. Sinha, G., 2012.Financial statement analysis. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Weygandt, J.J., , 2010. Accounting principles.Issues in Accounting Education,25(1), pp.179-180. Weiss D, (2014), Faithful Representation available on https://bschool.huji.ac.il/.upload/Seminars/Faithful%20Representation%20October%202014.pdf accessed on 28-09-2017.

A Book Review of Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery and the British Empire From Africa to America

Is Socrates Right to Claim That a Wise Person Will Always Act Well Essays

Is Socrates Right to Claim That a Wise Person Will Always Act Well Essays Is Socrates Right to Claim That a Wise Person Will Always Act Well Essay Is Socrates Right to Claim That a Wise Person Will Always Act Well Essay Essay Topic: Claim Of Fact Is Socrates Right to Claim That a Wise Person Will Always Act Well? Name: Course: Date: Is Socrates Right to Claim That a Wise Person Will Always Act Well? Socrates claims that a wise person will always act accordingly. The question of right and wrong has been a question man has attempted to answer for a long time. It has been argued many a time that the ability to tell right from wrong lies within the man. Right or wrong actions are issues determined by social ethics and morality in this regard. According to Socrates, wisdom guides man to make the right choices. In this, he believes that a wise man can never act wrongly. However, the question is how true this is. It is therefore important to interrogate this claim by finding out what exactly Socrates is proposing. It might be that wisdom or understanding of right or wrong comes from what society stipulates through law and other societal guiding principles. While, on the other hand, it might be within the man to determine what is right and what is wrong. Socrates maintained that no one willingly did wrong since wrong acts will always hurt the wrong doer. The claim here is that an unwise decision to act in a certain manner predisposes one to wrongdoing that is essentially ignorance. This in actuality is very true. People claim to have been unaware of the wrongful nature of their actions. In this sense, one should not commit to doing something without understanding the consequences that may follow such action. If one understands that, something is wrong, therefore as a matter of self-interest or self-preservation for that matter one is capable of preventing oneself from engaging in wrongdoing (Manuel 2010). However, experience will prove Socrates’ stance wrong. There are people who do wrong with full knowledge of their consequences. The necessity for doing such is usually to benefit oneself at the expense of other people. Nonetheless, Socrates’ belief is true in an obvious and straightforward way. It is right to claim that people have the capacity to choose to do things they understand people may find to be wrong. It is also correct to say that people may do things they consider immoral for others in a quest to benefit themselves. However, people never choose to perform acts they thought in the instant that they are making the decision to be wrong or even harmful to themselves. In this sense, it is evident that humanity has a strong sense of benefiting themselves. In cases where there are obvious implications for achieving harm in the action, man still goes to great lengths to cause and do harm in the hope of achieving the good they believe will benefit them (Rae 2000). While man has the capacity to objectively look at wrong in actions about to be performed, they have an intuitive sense of self-preservation and selfish gain. Our intuitive nature for serving self-interests push humans to do wrong even when they are aware of the grave consequences that may accompany such decisio ns. Take an example of a troubled man with the obsession of wounding himself through cuts. Such a person is merely intending to relieve psychological stress. This man has discovered that cutting his flesh acts as a relieving agent. It is vital that a clear-cut distinction is established between means and ends. This person does not cut his skin to harm himself; rather, it is a means to achieve relief from stress. This person rationalizes that the overall outcome of cutting himself is worthwhile as long as he has managed to avert psychological torture. Though, one may want to question the efficiency of this method, the underlying principle is that this person has relieved a stressful situation thus benefiting him. From Socrates perspective, choices, right or otherwise, achieve the ends the doer or chooser hopes to obtain and not the methods that have been used to achieve these ends (Lee 2002). The distinction arising from objective knowledge or wisdom according to Socrates, and human personal intuitive insights is essential. People can comprehend the wrong in stealing, but stealing predisposes them to experience benefits in which they find their lives improved in one way or the other. The assumption in this statement is that there is no motivation for doing right or wrong if there is no benefit from such actions (Hildebrandt 2010). Humans need to keep a clear distinction between means and the prospective ends. As a result, it will be clear that people not do wrong things for perceived good and benefits that result from the wrong action. When one benefits from the actions that are clearly horrific, people still have an inner conviction of benefiting for themselves. It is also possible that people can act wrongly without expecting benefit from whatever they do (Rae 2000). For example, a serial killer does not benefit from the death of the victims but still derive a distorted sense of satisfaction. Socrates claim about wisdom and doing right is an idyllic projection of human nature. Everyone has powerful instincts to benefit him or herself. This characteristic forms the basis of natural morality. The question of right and wrong is determined by the extent to which actions benefit people. It is also naturally ingrained in humans to consider all that harm them as being wrong. One may objectively recognize the harmful nature of some actions. However, the decision of moral inappropriateness of an action is can only be left to the person or persons the decisions affect. A non-partisan person is incapable of understanding what is right and what is wrong in a moral sense. Morality and ethics come from a point in which one is self aware of the benefits or harmful nature of actions being performed. People expectations always govern the choices that they are going to make. This is not to say that ethic and morality are concepts wholly determined by human thought. In fact, structures of ethical and moral thinking are independent of self-motivations (Lee 2002). However, res ponding to self-interests that people can fully embrace morality and ethical ideals, and it is also true that morality and ethics are concepts that have come about by virtue of self-interests. Therefore, self-interest builds human capacity to be moral. Socrates does not claim that doing wrong to others is ever correct, but the motivation behind such actions is a determining factor to the character assigned to the intentions of the doer. Socrates believed that bad decisions bring harm to individuals who make them. Therefore, the ability for one to be right lies in examining the moral standards of society. Wrongdoing is a mistake in the judgment of the doer and expresses his ignorance. A wrong doer is ignorant of the fact that bad actions make them appear pitiable and enhance a delusion that wrong doing is beneficial. One who has been able to commit the most terrible of actions without incurring any consequences is considered as the most harmed person since wrong doers only harm themselves. The heart of a wise man is pure, one who is accustomed to injustices is dishonorable, and their character is greatly diminished. From Socrates point of view, harm to the soul and to ones character is the greatest harm a person can suffer. In this light, he proposes that man should be able to ensure that they do right every time. One who understands this wisdom will always do right henceforth. A wise person is not susceptible to moral weakness. Moral weakness is the point at which one is aware of the wrongful nature of an act but lacks the strength and will power to do the right thing. Even in cases where one is overpowered by moral weakness, the lack of moral strength for benefiting oneself without wrongdoing is in itself a form of ignorance. In this case, one is being ignorant of the right means of achieving the desired ends and is ignorant of what is most beneficial and important (Hildebrandt 2010). It does not matter that ones ignorance is constructed out of deficiency in the right knowledge or ill-conceived priorities, ones decisions will always be determined by ones knowledge or ignorance. The wise man makes knowledge-based decisions that have been geared toward making the right decisions at all times. If moral weakness is the basis of ones priorities, it results in the contradiction of ones better judgment to do the right thing (Rae 2000). It is either those priorit ies agree to the knowledge of moral principle or that priorities agree to ignorance that disregard the benefit of morally correct decisions in the society. Socrates was right in saying that a wise man does no wrong. The decisions of a wise man are informed by knowledge and the desire to do right. Wisdom according to Socrates is analyzing the consequences of actions and applying this analysis in the decisions one make. Wisdom gives an actor a moral conscience to do what is right as is expected from society. It has been recognized that morality is driven by people’s self-interests (Lee 2002). It is in the interest of individual to live in society that uphold moral standards that recognize the importance of community and ensuring harm does not befall the community. Such expectations from each other have formed the basis of ethics and morality. It is therefore, everyone’s prerogative to ensure that actions are socially acceptable and geared toward enhancing progress in the community. The major advantage of the Socratic point of view is that everyone should seek to achieve wisdom. It has been established that the lack of wisdom distorts our ability to make the right choices whose consequences cause harm. The harm caused is not only to society but also to self. The potential for human good lies in the wisdom that actions should benefit the whole society and not just the self. Such thinking has the potential of permanently eradiating evil in the society. It necessary then, that people understand that wisdom is a person’s interpretation of what is good or wrong while paying attention to the need for society to maintain its sanity. References Hildebrandt, Joshua K. (2010). The Knowledge of Good and Evil: Who Decides What Is Morally Right and Wrong?. Authorhouse. Lee, D. E. (2002). Navigating right and wrong: Ethical decision making in a pluralistic age. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield. Manuel, V. (2010). Philosophy: A text with readings. S.l.: Wadsworth Pub. Co I. Rae, S. B. (2000). Moral choices: An introduction to ethics. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan Pub. House.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Globalization - Essay Example It has enabled the business houses to diversify themselves and enjoy the benefits of working in different emerging economies. Companies which are operating in the stage of maturity or decline of a particular industry of a country or region but their products have higher or sufficient demand in the other parts of the world often takes the advantage to move or penetrate in the new markets which in turn enhance the life of the product line. Globalization has paved the way for international investment across the world. Business activities are generally affected by a number of factors like the political condition of the foreign country, the economic situation of the prospective region, the legal issues or the laws regarding the business or other related issues, technology availability, environmental issues of the country, social norms, local customs and rituals, cultural, aspects of the country, the other aspects influencing the cross culture management etc. Therefore apart from financial viability of the investment, these factors have to be analysed in detail before making any decision. Wrong assessment of any of the criteria mentioned above could lead to the failure of the project. The present case of La Napoli restaurant highlights the flaws in cross culture management and overall mismanagement in managerial functions of the restaurant which has declined the overall performance of the restaurant. The case focuses how the failure of managing the cross culture issues and other basic managerial issues has adversely affected the organisational performance in terms of profitability, managerial efficiency and revenue. The Cultural Issues The case highlights the major flaws which resulted in to the decline of restaurant of an established business chain. Though the idea of Compia (a renowned Italian-American chef) of setting an authentic Italian restaurant was fair but it bumped off because of ineffective and inefficient management of cross culture issues which are very important for international investment. This segment highlights the cross culture issues which adversely affected the performance of the restaurant. The cultural dimensions of a country or region have a major impact on the organisational performance especially on the human resource activities. As per Greet Hofstede there are four cultural dimensions that are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism & collectivism, masculinity & femininity and short term versus long term orientation (Heidtmann, 2011, p. 41). In order to identify and assess the problem and symptoms of cross culture issues, it is very important to analyse the cultural dimensions of the host country Hong Kong. Figure 1: Cultural Dimensions of Hong Kong (Source: itim, n.d) The power dimension signifies the extent of expectation and acceptance of unequal distribution of power. The power distance dimension of Hong Kong is 68. This signifies that the people of Hong Kong believes in superior subordinate relations hip and accept unequal distribution of power as per the organisational hierarchy. The individualism dimension of Hong Kong is very low. This signifies that the people of Hong Kong, works for the group’s interest instead of working for themselves. They believe in working collectively. The 57 score in masculinity dimension index shows that the people there are success driven. As per the score of uncertainty avoidance index it can be said that the rules and regulations are quite flexible and can be adapted as per the situations. People there are long-term oriented which means that people there worries for future which in turn signifies that job security is a major concern for them. The major cultural issues which have been identified while analysing the case are as follows: The first major issue