Electoral Systems Essay Example for Free

Electoral Systems Essay Critically evaluate the argument that electoral systems can produce effective (decisive) government, or representative government, but not both. New Zealand’s current electoral system is MMP or Mixed Member Proportional; this is the system which will be used to evaluate the question. A comparison of MMP and FPP or the First Past the Post system will also be included, since it is being debated as to which is better for New Zealand. MMP is an appropriately representative government which also creates a rather effective government at the same time. On the other hand FPP causes a seemingly effective government but is far less representative. Some electoral systems can create effective and representative government while others may not. This will be shown by; firstly detailing how these systems of governance compare under effectiveness and representativeness, followed by an explanation as to why electoral systems can be both effective and representative and why they cannot. For a government to be classified effective it must sufficiently achieve its objectives as a governing body. It also must create a strong impression on the community (dictionary. om, 2011). MMP tends to have a less efficient form of law making than FPP. Under MMP the major parties must form coalition governments with the smaller parties to form a fifty per cent majority over the house. These coalitions may cause a time delay in passing legislation, as the major supporter of the bill tries to convince their support parties to agree with the legislation. MMP may take time to make decision but this doesn’t mean that the government is less decisive although; Many people argue that proportional forms of government lead to a less decisive and durable government. Their argument is based on the fact that the decisions must gain the support of coalition parties which cause a lower quantity of bills passing. However it is not the quantity of laws which cause an effective government it is the quality. MMP due to its more timely approach to law making allows time for scrutiny within a bill meaning any flaws which lie dormant in a bill may be fixed before the legislation is passed. A contrast to this is FPP with its single party majority which works very efficiently to pass laws rapidly. This is because there is no need for a compromise with its support parties since none are required. The effect of this rapid law making ability gives the community a view of effectiveness however the validity of the laws has been compromised. The laws passed may be riddled with flaws which really show the government is un-effective as the laws have no real impression on the community. Effective government is based around three criteria government durability, decisional efficacy and responsiveness (Boston, Church Bale, 2003). From these three different terms of effective government we can see how different opinions on the idea of effective government can differ. For a government to be classified representative it must consist of many individuals who represent a variety of different constituencies (dictionary. com, 2011). Also there must be some form of diversity among the constituencies such as race or gender differentiation. (Royal Commission, 1986) MMP is a highly representative form of governance as it uses a two votes system; this allows minor party representatives to gain a seat in the house if they gain a majority vote among their constituents. The fact an MP has to win their constituency causes a close link to the electorate as they will more likely than not represent the major view of the region. This single MP vote allows the house to represent the community from a broader aspect while still having the majority party in power with the 2nd vote, the party vote. This causes a greater diversity among the house. When MMP was adopted â€Å"Maori representation increased from 5-7% to 16%† and â€Å"the number of women of women doubled to 34%† (Haddon, 2011). This increasing diversity has continued as the royal commission predicted. New Zealand’s house of parliament has become more representative and diverse as shown by the 39 women, 21 Maori, 4 Pacific Islanders, and 2 Asian MPs out of the 121 in the house (Elections Commission, 2006). Also under MMP campaign promises of minor parties tend to not get placed on the new government agenda. The minor parties must rely on negotiation with party leaders in order to get their main policies on the agenda or must wait for the bill to be drawn from the ballot box in parliament, which may never come. This causes a slight decrease in the diversification of the legislation passed. This lack of diversification can decrease the representativeness of the majority. However this does not decrease the overall representativeness of the government. The diversity of MMP is contrasted by FPPs system where there are only electorate votes so people tend to vote solely for the major parties that are likely to get into parliament. The winning party in a FPP election will get a proportionally larger share of the seats that its share of the votes this has the opposite effect for minority parties whom gain a lesser proportion of the seats that their votes. This lack of proportionality is a major flaw in representation as there is very little diversity among the house. Electoral systems can be both effective and representative, â€Å"The best voting system for any country will not be one which meets any of the criteria completely but will be one which provides the most satisfactory overall balance between them† (Royal Commission, 1986). Although systems cannot be highly representative and highly effective they still can be both. MMP shows this, it may not be highly efficient at creating effective legislation but it creates quality legislation which is effective governing. Also MMP shows its representativeness by having a largely diverse house of representatives but due to the need for coalitions loses some of the broader views of the minor parties. â€Å"A proliferation of minor parties actually increases stability and effectiveness† (â€Å"NRT on MMP threshold,† 2011). This shows how a representative government actually helps to form an effective government. The increase in the number of coalition majorities available will help to reduce the ability for any party to have strong bargaining power over another. This was shown in our most recent parliamentary election by ACT and the Maori party not having a large bargaining power with National as they both had possible coalitions with National. They were acting as a check on the other so neither gained an arbitrary power over Nationals decision. This allowed for national to make what they saw as the best decision. This shows that MMP is representative as well as being effective even if it is not top in each discipline. Many critics of MMP have agreed that MMP does lead to a government reflecting the views of New Zealander’s and supporters of MMP conceded to agreeing that it leads to a more unstable government which can infer that it may be not highly effective (Palmer Palmer, 2004). While FPP contrasts MMP it shows the opposite idea. It shows that there is a tension between effective and representative government. This tension causes a highly representative government to have a very low effectiveness and vice versa. The tension has large effect on how the government operates and this can put a strain on which system will be best. FPP shows how a system cannot be both effective and representative whereas MMP seems to have the balance between being both an effective form of governance while still being rather highly representative. My research has shown that MMP is both an effective form of government and a representative form of government. However it is neither the most representative nor the most effective. The research has identified that an electoral system can be both as I have explained above. This is not to say all electoral systems are. There are always going to be strengths and weaknesses to an electoral system and a compromise between effective and representative will always be required, FPP for example is much more effective than it is representative. The tension between these two disciplines will always have an effect on how the system operates and which system is best suited to the situation. FPP is clearly a system which cannot be both while MMP is the perfect example of a system of governance which is both representative and effective.

An Analysis of Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart :: Things Fall Apart essays

The Importance of Things Fall Apart The novel "Things Fall Apart", by Chinua Achebe, was an eye-opening account of the life and eventual extinction of an African tribe called the Ibo. It focuses on one character, Okonkwo, who at a very early age set out on a quest of self-perfection. Coming from a family ruled by a man who was lazy and inconsistent with everything he did, Okonkwo vowed to never accept the fate of his father. Okonkwo and his family suffered through many hard times in their lives, but usually managed to come out on top. Through terrible crop seasons and bad judgement calls, Okonkwo usually prevailed, until the day came when he was faced with a situation that could not be resolved by his strength and character alone. This novel also provided a very detailed, and seemingly accurate, account of the lives of the Ibo. The Ibo were an extremely spiritual people who answered to their gods daily. A hardworking people who based their personal worth on their community and crop achievements. Their yam crops were the backbone of the community and he who possessed the largest crops were usually respected by all in the community. The Ibo were a very gendered people. The men normally made all the rules and the woman were taught to respect their husbands decisions. In particular, Okonkwo ruled his household with an iron fist. He often beat his wives for small reasons and felt little to no remorse for doing so. While it was not uncommon for the men of the Ibo tribe to beat their wives if they disobeyed orders, Okonkwo was a character that oftentimes took it too far. In one point in the novel he badly beat one of his wives, Ojiugo, during the sacred week. During this time no one in the tribe is to com mit such acts, as it is a time for peace. By beating his wife, he defied the gods and was forced to offer up animal sacrifices and payment to them. This one of Okonkwo's major character flaws, he is stubborn and self-righteous, and wishes to answer to nobody but himself. This even leads to eventual fate, when he refuses to join the Christians when most everyone else of the tribe gave in to their ideas.

International Financial Policies Essay

International Financial Policies determine how firms in international market work because if respective governments of the countries put restrictions on doing trade, it may be relatively difficult to trade. One of the most important advantages of international financial policies is the fact that such policies often get the backing of the government therefore international firms find it relatively easy to have access to different resources besides availing different types of concessions in duties and taxes. On the other side, due to such international financial policies, international firms may have to work with relatively inefficient organizations due to contractual requirements. Most of the countries often attempt to bring in public owned entities to work with international firms therefore given the traditional bureaucratic inefficiencies of such public institutions, resources may not be efficiently utilized and firms may not be achieving their strategic objectives in real term. Trade Agreements The trade agreements are formed based on the assumptions that the countries attempt to take advantage of their relative comparative advantage. Trade Agreements are often formed between two or more countries to agree together to offer certain trade concessions to each other. Trade agreements are often formed at the government level and countries to the agreement often offer tax concessions, duty rebates, removal of trade quotas etc so that trade integration can take place and countries can actually benefit from the comparative advantages of each other. Trade Agreements have greater influence on the financial management policies because if favorable, trade agreements can relatively save lot of costs i. e. duty and tax concessions, lower interest rates etc. for the firms therefore they really have to devise policies which can allow them to manage their financial resources in most efficient manner.

Definition and Examples of Delivery in Rhetoric

One of the five traditional parts or canons of rhetoric , concerned with the control of voice and gestures when giving a speech. Known as hypocrisis in Greek and actio in Latin. Etymology:  From the Latin  de  away   liber  free (to give away) Pronunciation:  di-LIV-i-ree Also Known  As:  actio,  hypocrisis Examples and Observations of Delivery It should not be surprising that it was professional actors who gave a special impetus to a study of delivery, for all the spell-binding orators in history (men like Demosthenes, Churchill, William Jennings Bryan, Bishop Sheen, Billy Graham) have been, in a sense, great actors.  (Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 1999)[Aristotle] compares rhetorical delivery to theatrical performance and emphasizes the effect of delivery on different audiences; the effectiveness and appropriateness of delivery make a speech successful or not.  (Kathleen E. Welch, Delivery. Enclopedia, 2001) of RhetoricAll these parts of oratory succeed according as they are delivered. Delivery . . . has the sole and supreme power in oratory; without it, a speaker of the highest mental capacity can be held in no esteem; while one of moderate abilities, with this qualification, may surpass even those of the highest talent.  (Cice ro, De Oratore)Before you can persuade a man into any opinion, he must first be convinced that you believe it yourself. This he can never be, unless the tones of voice in which you speak come from the heart, accompanied by corresponding looks, and gestures, which naturally result from a man who speaks in earnest. (Thomas Sheridan, British Education, 1756)The behavioral biologists and psychologists call [delivery] nonverbal communication and have added immeasurably to our knowledge of this kind of human expressivity. (Richard Lanham, A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, 2nd ed., 1991) Senator John McCain's Delivery [John] McCain moves awkwardly through complex phrases, sometimes surprising himself with the end of a sentence. He regularly leaves his audience without any cues to applaud. Despite years in public life, he makes bumpy transitions from personal anecdotes to broad policy pronouncements... McCain needs all the help he can get, said Martin Medhurst, a communications professor at Baylor University and the editor of Rhetoric and Public Affairs, a quarterly journal... Such a weak delivery affects viewers’--and voters’--perceptions of the speaker’s sincerity, knowledge, and credibility, Medhurst said. Some politicians just don’t understand that they must devote a certain amount of time to their communications, or it’s going to hurt them. (Holly Yeager, McCain Speeches Dont Deliver. The Washington Independent, Apr. 3, 2008) Regendering Delivery [A]lthough the physical and vocal concerns of delivery initially appear relevant to all public speakers, closer scrutiny of the canon soon reveals masculinist biases and assumptions. Delivery has not pertained equally to both men and women because, for millennia, women were culturally prohibited from standing and speaking in public, their voices and forms acceptable only in the spectator role (if at all). Thus, women were systematically discouraged from the very actions that constitute delivery, a matter unrecognized in the traditional fifth canon. . . . Indeed, I would argue that when researchers attention is focused too narrowly on the voice, gesture, and expression of the good woman speaking well, much that is germane to her delivery is overlooked. Clearly, the traditional fifth canon is in need of renovation. (Lindal Buchanan, Regendering Delivery: The Fifth Canon and Antebellum Women Rhetors. Southern Illinois University Press, 2005)

Globalization Is Not Single But Plural - 1358 Words

When you break down globalization of culture each part of this phase can be defined in a various ways. I would like to start with the several definitions of globalization. â€Å"Globalization is not single but plural. Spatially, it involves combinations of local, national, inter-national, transnational and macro-regional networks. Structurally, it involves combinations of economic, military, political/ geopolitical and ideological power networks.† (Mann) Anthony Giddens â€Å"globalization can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.† Roland Robertson â€Å"globalization as a concept refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.† David Held â€Å"globalization may be thought of as a process which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions generating transcontinental or interregional lows and networks of activity, interaction and the exercise of power.† Manfred Steger â€Å"globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and world space.† Once reading the different versions of globalization I have come to notice that all definitions states a connection or working together with different cultures and the aspects within each culture, in some type of way. These connectionsShow MoreRelated The Importance of Cultural Diversity Within Organizations Essay2190 Words   |  9 Pagesthere are three organization types, which focus on the development of cultural diversity. The three organization types are, the monolithic organization, the plural organization, and the multicultural organization. In the monolithic organization, the amount of structural integration (the presence of persons from different cultural groups in a single organization) is very minimal. In the United States, this organization usually represents white male majorities in the overall employee population with fewRead MoreAnt101 Final Research Paper1307 Words   |  6 Pagesconsequently assisting to lower the gender pay gap. Moreover, the United States Departm ent of Labor declares women make only 80 cent to a man’s one dollar in 2009 (Hill, 2013, p.32). Therefore, women, on average, earn less than men in virtually every single occupation by a gender wage gap of 20 percent. 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(2001) Families, Labour and Love: Family diversity in a changing world. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin. †¢ Sociologists use the term ‘families’ in plural rather than ‘family’ to represent the variations in family life. †¢ Societal changes contributed to divorce rates, focusing more on personal happiness, higher martial satisfaction and women ability to survive economically outside marriage. †¢ Extended family households were more prevalentRead MoreThe Globalization of the World Social Forum Essay3801 Words   |  16 PagesWhat is globalization to you? Are you in favor of, against, or simply indifferent to globalization? As we move further into the twenty-first century, we find ourselves easily attracted to catch phrases and popular movements of the time. In the last ten years, the term â€Å"globalization† has emerged as a buzzword among those in both the economic and social spheres of daily life. 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Four hundred years ago, the word pease was used to refer to a single pea or a bunch of them, but people thought that pease was the plural form, and the singular form must be pea. Therefore, the new word â€Å"pea† was formed. It’s interesting to see how if this same concept had applied to â€Å"cheese,† the single form would’ve been â€Å"chee!† Another cause of language change is due to the economy. Speakers in business or making transactions wantRead MoreImpact of Globalisation on Folk Culture3776 Words   |  16 PagesGlobalization with Respect to its Impact on Indian Culture *Dr. Sushil Kumar Singh, Assistant Professor LFEH, School of Education, Lovely Professional University,   Phagwara, Punjab. ABSTRACT It has been experienced that every step of movement towards economic, political and cultural modernization, taken by the state in India, is responded to by the people with an enhanced sense of self-consciousness and awareness of identity. Cultural modernization, sponsored by the forces of globalization, is resentedRead MoreBritish vs American English6929 Words   |  28 Pagesincorrectly predicted in 1877 that within a century American English, Australian English and British English would be mutually unintelligible. It may be the case that increased worldwide communication through radio, television, the Internet and globalization has reduced the tendency of regional variation. This can result either in some variations becoming extinct (for instance, the wireless, being progressively superseded by the radio) or in the acceptance of wide variations as perfectly good EnglishRead MoreOrganizational Development and Employee Relations2098 Words   |  8 Pagesfeel them obliged and part o f the organization at large and therefore do not feel the need of a union. It must be noted that before the existence of trade unions, level of job insecurity among the employees in general used to be fairly high as a single employee on an individual level was not strong enough to negotiate or put forward his or her demand to the top management. This is where trade unions came into the picture. Since the trade unions are representative group of all member employees, the

The Poem The Refuge - 1233 Words

THE REFUGE There were, are, and will be the great title winner in this world. In those title, there were, are, and will be looser. This is funny to say that I was, I am, and and will be great title winner, where nobody loose but I the winner always win. You may think I am dumb and talk about I am being winner is dumbest thing I have ever talk. You can call me whatever you can because I was born with great title that few people in this world had, have, and will have. The title that might get you to know what is that. Let s talk about Bhutan. I think everybody know that country Bhutan that is known as â€Å"World s Happiest Country in The Earth.† Imagining that is beginning beautiful. The country is beautiful due to the bloods and sweet of my grandparents, and parents. Country that called every country s people to come and learn about good things on â€Å"Happiness.† You know how well know Bhutan was. On the other part there was m,e a kids who know that happiness was not becoming happy. In my mind happiness was living in the struggle life. Struggle life that food aren’t enough to eat. Education isn’t good and proper. Where there is no hope and life is more worst than prison life. Struggle life? You might tell me struggling isn’t happiness but I know that is happiness. That is happiness because my late father teach me that living in struggle is more happy than living in the place where you are like king. 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The poem represents a nostalgic description of a concrete, geographical place, the lake isle of Innisfree, which the poet manages to transform into a magical landscape, full of symbols and beautiful elements of nature. The imagery of the poem creates an atmosphereRead More Edgar Allen Poe1501 Words   |  7 PagesAllen to completely disown Edgar. In 1831, Poe succeeded in publishing a new edition of his poems entitled Poems. Even with his publishment, he was in great finical trouble. HE traveled to New York but failed at finding a job. Eventually he took refuge with his aunt, Mrs. Clemm, in Baltimore. There he deiced to seek employment and make a living by writing. Failing to get attention with his poems, he decided to write short stories. Poe competed in a contest for the best short story in 1831Read MorePhillis Wheatley Poem On Religion1527 Words   |  7 Pagesbestows upon the Europeans that we know have taken her from her homeland due to the enslavement of the African people. 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This is seen in the first stanza when the voiceRead MoreAnalysis of Peter Skrynecki ´s Migrant Hostel and 10 Mary Street643 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Migrant Hostel† and â€Å"10 Mary Street† we witness an individual’s experience of segregation to eventual connection in the world they live. Skrzynecki’s insightful poem â€Å"Migrant Hostel† explores the notion of impermanence and uncertainty in an individual’s experience where stability is essential to develop an identity and sense of belonging. The poem illustrates the disorientating nature of a migrant hostel where the people within yearn for sanctuary in the Australian community. This idea is instantly reflectedRead MoreEssay on The Lamb626 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A time lost in it’s own morals, seeks refuge in the knowledge and innocence of the past. William Blake used direct dictation through his poem, â€Å"THE LAMB†, in disseminating his theorem, which we, humans, seek to find peace within our selves only after reestablishing our identity with something pure. In the poem William Blake uses the Lamb, as a vessel, to interpret the innocence, we would seek to use. The speaker is seeking answers to his questions, about how the lamb

Old Man the Sea free essay sample

Caleb Cogan August 14, 2011 English 3 â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway shows Santiago, a Cuban fisherman, as a strong and heroic man. The man’s epic battle between the marlin represents his strength and symbolizes endurance. Santiago has set a journey to the sea for 84 days and is beat when he returns home with nothing. His friend Manolin has been forced by his parents to leave the old man to fish. Ernest Hemingway has created a character that has made a brave man who personifies courage, honor, and faith. As The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway is a story which studies and shows the themes of an old man’s bravery and endurance, he demonstrates strength in the biggest catch of his career. Santiago, the old man, finds a big marlin on his hook. This will be his biggest catch of his life. We will write a custom essay sample on Old Man the Sea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is emotional damage and tension between the battle with the marlin and the old man. Defending catching the fish takes a lot of strength and courage. He deals with suffering and pain by protecting it. When he says he is not defeated, he says â€Å"a man can be destroyed but not defeated. (Spark Notes Editors, 2002) Santiago enjoys the boy very much but Santiago is an outsider. Santiago is certain that his blocked streak will shortly come to an end, and he resolves to cruise out beyond any standard the following day. Because the boy shows his devotion to honesty of Santiago, he becomes his apprentice. Manolin recognizes Santiago’s true strength and wisdom while other fisherman laugh at Santiago. (Spark Notes Editors. â€Å"Spark Note on the Old Man and the Sea. †) Hemingway introduces some images that will return throughout the book. The first is the question of Santiago’s endurance. The section also talks about two important themes: Santiago’s imaginary dream of Joe DiMaggio lions playing on the beach of Africa. Lions on a beach are a more puzzling symbol than that of Joe DiMaggio. The lions are Santiago’s only dream. The image of lions in his dream reminds him of his connection between birth and his death. The lions playing show that his dream is broken from nature. Santiago’s dream of Joe DiMaggio is an inspiration to him. To him, the baseball player helps him survive. DiMaggio returned to playing baseball to see the eyes of his fans after recovering from a bone projection. Santiago catches some small tuna and thinks it would give him some strength. Soon, he feels a tight pull on his line. The marlin, a great fish, nibbles then final bites. Santiago holds on tight giving everything he’s got until his hands start to cramp up. He is determined to catch the fish as his opponent. When the marlin finally surfaces it is longer than Santiago’s boat. The struggle continues and he finally eats the tuna, wraps the line to his hand and goes to sleep. The next day Santiago harpoons the marlin and wins, but sharks come and eat the flesh of the marlin. So Santiago is not defeated and is not victorious.